PUNCTUATION
comma | semicolon
| colon | apostrophe | parentheses | dash | italics | quotation marks
Use a
SEMICOLON
Use a
COLON
1. Before formally
introducing a list (*An independent clause must
precede the colon.)
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Examples
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![](punctrev5.jpg)
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Incorrect
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![](punctrev6.jpg)
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2. Between two independent
clauses when the second explains or expands the first
Examples
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![](punctrev7.jpg)
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3. Before a formal appositive
(*An independent clause must precede the colon)
Example
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![](punctrev8.jpg)
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Incorrect
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![](punctrev9.jpg)
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4. Between hour and minute / chapter and verse
(Bible)
Examples
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Use an
APOSTROPHE
1. To show ownership (to form the possessive case
of nouns)
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Examples
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![](punctrev12.jpg)
![](punctrev13.jpg)
![](punctrev14.jpg)
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2. To show joint ownership with nouns
Example
![](punctrev15.jpg)
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3. To show individual
ownership with nouns
Example
![](punctrev16.jpg)
4. To show ownership with indefinite pronouns
Examples
![](punctrev17.jpg)
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NOTE:Â
Do not use an apostrophe to form the
possessive case of the personal possessive pronoun
its.
Example
![](punctrev18.jpg)
Do
use an apostrophe
with its
to mean it is
or it has.
Correct
![](punctrev19.jpg)
5. To form the plural of
letters, numbers, and signs, and of words referred to as words.
Examples
![](punctrev20.jpg) |
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Use
PARENTHESES
1. To enclose interrupting
elements that add information or identification
Examples
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![](punctrev21.jpg) |
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2. To enclose figures or
letters when used for enumeration within a sentence
Example
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Use a
DASH
To set off parenthetical
matter
Example
![](punctrev23.jpg)
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NOTE:Â UNLIKE
PARENTHESES, WHICH MINIMIZE THE IMPORTANCE OF THE.
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PARENTHETICAL
MATERIAL, DASHES EMPHASIZE PARENTHETICAL
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MATERIAL.
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Notice the different
emphasis in each sentence.
![](punctrev24.jpg)
Use
ITALICS (underlining)
1. For words, letters, and
figures referred to as such
Examples
![](punctrev25.jpg) |
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2. For foreign, technical (including
mathematical expressions), or unusual words and phrases.
Examples
![](punctrev26.jpg)
3. For titles of books,
newspapers, magazines, journals, plays, movies, radio programs, TV
programs, long musical works, long poems, works of art, names of ships and
airplanes.
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Examples
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![](punctrev27.jpg)
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Use
QUOTATION
MARKS
2. To enclose
words used ironically or where the term so-called could be inserted.
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Examples
![](punctrev29.jpg)
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3. To enclose a direct
quotation:Â a person's exact
words
Example
NOTE: Do
not use quotation marks to enclose indirect quotations.
Incorrect
![](punctrev31.jpg)
Correct
NOTES FOR DIRECT
QUOTATIONS:
1. Start the quotation
with a capital letter.
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2. Place commas and
periods INSIDE the quotation marks.
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3. Place semicolons and
colons OUTSIDE the quotation marks.
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4. Place question marks
and exclamation marks INSIDE the quotation marks if the quotation itself is a
question or an exclamation.
5. Place question marks and exclamation marks OUTSIDE the quotation
marks if the quotation itself is NOT a question or exclamation.
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USE SINGLE
QUOTATION MARKS to enclose a quotation inside another quotation.
Examples
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![](punctrev33.jpg)
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If the quotation within another quotation is a question or
an exclamation, place appropriate punctuation next to the item concerned.
Examples
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Question quotation inside statement quotation ![](punctrev34.jpg)
Statement quotation inside question quotation
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Question quotation inside question quotation
![](punctrev36.jpg)
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Exclamation quotation inside question quotation
or
Question quotation inside exclamation quotation
![](punctrev37.jpg)
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