Dependent Clauses:  Adverbial, Adjectival, Nominal

Dependent clauses may work like adverbs, adjectives, or nouns in complex sentences.

1. Adverbial clauses

Like a single-word adverb, an adverbial clause describes a verb (in the sentence's main clause) and answers one of these questions

                           where?           why?           how?           when?            to what degree?

An adverbial clause begins with a subordinating conjunction, which makes the clause subordinate (dependent).

Common subordinating conjunctions:

after

in order (that)

unless

although

insofar as

until

as

in that

when

as far as

lest

whenever

as soon as

no matter how

where

as if

now that

wherever

as though

once

whether

because

provided (that)

while

before

since

why

even if

so that

even though

supposing (that)

how

than

if

that

inasmuch as

though

in case (that)

till

 

  Example of adverbial clause answering when?

       

      When will the flowers bloom?   Answer:  when spring arrives

 

   Example of adverbial clause answering why?

       

        Why didn't the poor woman have money?  Answer:  because she had lost her job

 

   Example of adverbial clause answering where?

       

       Where is there fire?   Answer:  where there is smoke

 

   Example of adverbial clause answering how?

       

        How did he answer the question?  Answer:  as if he knew the subject quite well

 

       Example of adverbial clause answering to what degree?

       

        To what degree of lateness will Jones arrive?  Answer:  (later) than Smith (will arrive)

 

    Another example of an adverbial clause answering to what degree?

       

       To what degree is he young?  Answer: (younger) than his brother (is)

 

Comma use with adverbial clauses

Comma use with adverbial clauses depends upon placement of the adverbial clause.

If the adverbial clause introduces the sentence, place a comma between it and the main clause.

       

 

If the adverbial clause follows the main clause in a sentence, do not place a comma between the two.

       

 

2.  Adjectival clauses

Like a single-word adjective, an adjectival clause describes a noun (in the sentence's main clause) and answers one of these questions

                                     which one?                   what kind?      

An adjectival clause usually begins with a relative pronoun, which makes the clause subordinate (dependent).

Common relative pronouns:

                  that         which         who        whom        whose

NOTE:  Use who, whom, and whose to describe people.

               Use that and which to describe things.

Adjectival clauses always follow the person, place, or thing they describe, usually immediately.

 

   Example of adjectival clause answering which one?

       

        Which book did Joe read?  Answer:  the one that I gave him

 

   Example of adjectival clause answering what kind?

       

        What kind of politician has the support of the people?  Answer:  one who is trustworthy

 

Adjectival clauses may also begin with selected subordinating conjunctions:

                when  - to describe a time

       

 

                where  - to describe a place     

       

 

               why - to describe a reason

       

 

 

Comma use with adjectival clauses

Comma use with adjectival clauses depends upon essentiality of the adjectival clause.

If the adjectival clause is essential (or "needed"), no commas should be used to separate it from the main clause.  

Generally, essential adjectival clauses should not begin with which.

    Examples

       

       

    Since the adjectival clauses in the above examples are needed to clarify the noun that they describe, they are essential and should not be separated from the rest of the sentence with commas.

 

If the adjectival clause is nonessential (or "not needed"), commas should separate it from the main clause. 

 Nonessential adjectival clauses should not begin with that.

    Examples

       

       

    Since the adjectival clauses in the above examples are not needed to clarify the noun that they describe, they are nonessential and should be separated from the rest of the sentence with commas.

Note the difference between the sentences in each pair:

  

  

 

3.  Nominal Clauses

Like a noun, a nominal clause names a person, place, thing, or idea.  A nominal clause may function in a sentence as any of the following:

     subject                      subjective complement             appositive               object of preposition                  direct object             indirect object                             retained object

 

 

Nominal clauses may begin with interrogatives:

    who     whom   what    which     whoever      whomever     whatever     when    where     how   why

An  interrogative beginning a nominal clause has a function within the nominal clause.

Each of the  following examples illustrates

   Nominal clause as subject in sentence 

       

 

   Nominal clause as subjective complement in sentence

       

 

   Nominal clause as object of preposition in sentence

       

 

   Nominal clause as direct object in sentence   

       

 

   Nominal clause as indirect object in sentence

       

 

   Nominal clause as retained object in sentence 

       

 

Nominal clauses may also begin with expletives:

         that        whether       if

An expletive beginning a nominal clause has no function within the nominal clause.

   Nominal clause beginning with expletive that

       

 

   Nominal clause beginning with expletive whether

       

 

   Nominal clause beginning with expletive if